Electrochemical capacitors Historical introduction

Electrochemical capacitors provide a mode of electrical charge- and energy-storage and delivery, complementary to that by batteries. The first electrochemical capacitor device was disclosed in a General Electric Co. patent in 1957 to Becker but was of a crude nature, employing porous carbon. Later work by Sohio (1969) described a so-called "electrokinetic capacitor" utilizing porous carbon in a non-aqueous electrolyte which enabled it to be charged up to about 3 V, though the operation of the device was not "electrokinetic" in nature, a misnomer. In 1971, Trasatti and Buzzanca recognized that the electrochemical charging behavior of ruthenium dioxide films was like that of capacitors. Between 1975 and 1980, the present author and his co-workers, under contract with the then Continental Group Inc., carried out extensive fundamental and development work on the ruthenium oxide type of electrochemical capacitor (Conway, 1997) which behaves as a surface- redox pseudocapacitance (see below). The whole field has burgeoned since about 1990 and is very active in fundamental, and R&D directions.

A great deal of scientific and technological research has been reported in the scientific literature since about 1990. An extensive and detailed account of this has been given in the author's monograph on "Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications" (1999).

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